Original collectionUnder development

Peter Hull’s original collection. This paper belongs to the original 22-paper collection, following the criteria established in Peter Hull’s twfe-replication repository. The original collection is retained in full, separately from the community extension.

Curriculum and Ideology — expanded estimators

Archive index · Regression tests · Results & settings (JSON) · Methods & code

Cantoni et al. (2017), JPE. https://doi.org/10.1086/690951

103 specifications. Effects are in outcome standard deviations; intervals are 95%.

Treatment adoption

S01-P066: seeded sample of 16 of 16 eligible units. Purple untreated; yellow treated; white unobserved.

Jump to specification Select…CI-F4-A-DYNAMIC — S01-P001CI-F4-B-DYNAMIC — S01-P002CI-F4-C-DYNAMIC — S01-P003CI-F4-D-DYNAMIC — S01-P004CI-F4-E-DYNAMIC — S01-P005CI-F4-F-DYNAMIC — S01-P006CI-F4-G-DYNAMIC — S01-P007CI-F4-H-DYNAMIC — S01-P008CI-F4-I-DYNAMIC — S01-P009CI-F4-J-DYNAMIC — S01-P010CI-F4-K-DYNAMIC — S01-P011CI-F4-L-DYNAMIC — S01-P012CI-T3-A01-ORIG — Trust: central government [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A02-ORIG — Trust: provincial government [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A03-ORIG — Trust: local government [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A04-ORIG — Trust: courts [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A05-ORIG — Trust: armed forces [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A06-ORIG — Trust: police [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A07-ORIG — Trust in government officials z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-A08-ORIG — Trust in non-governmental institutions z-score index (falsification) [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B01-ORIG — Village head is not self-interested [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B02-ORIG — Village head cares not only about rich and powerful [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B03-ORIG — Bribes are not necessary: police [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B04-ORIG — Bribes are not necessary: documents [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B05-ORIG — Bribes are not necessary: courts [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B06-ORIG — Bribes are not necessary: education [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B07-ORIG — Bribes are not necessary: doctors [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B08-ORIG — Bribes are not acceptable [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B09-ORIG — Bribes are not effective [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B10-ORIG — Officials would not accept bribes [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-B11-ORIG — Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-C01-ORIG — How democratic is China [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-C02-ORIG — People can influence elections [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-C03-ORIG — Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D01-ORIG — People cannot judge village head [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D02-ORIG — People should not influence elections [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D03-ORIG — People do not know better leaders [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D04-ORIG — Democracy is not always preferable [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D05-ORIG — China is not suitable for democracy [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-D06-ORIG — Wisdom of the masses z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-E01-ORIG — Participation is key for democracy [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-F01-ORIG — Skeptical of markets [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-G01-ORIG — Trust toward minorities [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-G02-ORIG — Han and minorities are similar [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-G03-ORIG — Han and minorities share heritage [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-G04-ORIG — Willing to marry minority [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-G05-ORIG — Ethnic identity z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-H01-ORIG — Identity: Chinese [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-I01-ORIG — Support environment spending [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-I02-ORIG — Environment as policy priority [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-I03-ORIG — Environment versus growth [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-I04-ORIG — Attitudes about environment z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-J01-ORIG — Voted for local People's Congress representative in the past [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-J02-ORIG — Plan to vote for local People's Congress representative [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-J03-ORIG — Member of Chinese Communist Party [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-J04-ORIG — Participation in political groups [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-J05-ORIG — Political behavior z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-K01-ORIG — Not invested in stocks [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-K02-ORIG — Not invested in bonds [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-K03-ORIG — Avoiding risky investment z-score index [Table 3 original scale]CI-T3-L01-ORIG — Cooperated with minority [Table 3 original scale]CI-T5-B-C01 — Trust in government officials z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C02 — Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C03 — Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C04 — Wisdom of the masses z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C05 — Participation is key for democracy [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C06 — Skeptical of markets [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C07 — Ethnic identity z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C08 — Identity: Chinese [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C09 — Attitudes about environment z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C10 — Political behavior z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C11 — Avoiding risky investment z-score index [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-B-C12 — Cooperated with minority [follow-up survey sample]CI-T5-C-C01 — Trust in government officials z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C02 — Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C03 — Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C04 — Wisdom of the masses z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C05 — Participation is key for democracy [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C06 — Skeptical of markets [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C07 — Ethnic identity z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C08 — Identity: Chinese [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C09 — Attitudes about environment z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C10 — Political behavior z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C11 — Avoiding risky investment z-score index [science-track students only]CI-T5-C-C12 — Cooperated with minority [science-track students only]CI-T5-D-C01 — Trust in government officials z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C02 — Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C03 — Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C04 — Wisdom of the masses z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C05 — Participation is key for democracy [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C06 — Skeptical of markets [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C07 — Ethnic identity z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C08 — Identity: Chinese [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C09 — Attitudes about environment z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C10 — Political behavior z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C11 — Avoiding risky investment z-score index [humanities-track students only]CI-T5-D-C12 — Cooperated with minority [humanities-track students only]CI-T6-C01 — Identified new-curriculum textbook coverCI-T6-C02 — Aware: village head electedCI-T6-C03 — Aware: able to vote for local People's Congress representativeCI-T6-C04 — Factual political knowledge z-score indexCI-T6-C05 — Teaching style z-score indexCI-T6-C06 — Teaching focused on gaokao

CI-F4-A-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-A-DYNAMIC · S01-P001 · Data & fit details

1,106 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.341	0.139	[0.049, 0.634]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.363	0.142	[0.065, 0.661]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.330	0.140	[0.036, 0.624]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.426	0.137	[0.137, 0.714]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.305	0.135	[0.041, 0.570]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.290	0.120	[0.054, 0.525]	Treated cells
SDID	0.688	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.474	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.289	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-B-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-B-DYNAMIC · S01-P002 · Data & fit details

1,090 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.159	0.112	[-0.076, 0.394]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.127	0.144	[-0.175, 0.429]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.114	0.138	[-0.176, 0.404]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.185	0.168	[-0.169, 0.539]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.133	0.143	[-0.148, 0.413]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.120	0.134	[-0.143, 0.382]	Treated cells
SDID	0.201	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.160	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.239	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-C-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-C-DYNAMIC · S01-P003 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.154	0.091	[-0.037, 0.344]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.084	0.099	[-0.125, 0.293]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.090	0.098	[-0.115, 0.296]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.118	0.099	[-0.091, 0.326]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.091	0.115	[-0.133, 0.316]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.066	0.114	[-0.157, 0.290]	Treated cells
SDID	0.190	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.107	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.316	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-D-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-D-DYNAMIC · S01-P004 · Data & fit details

1,036 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.296	0.135	[0.011, 0.580]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.296	0.159	[-0.038, 0.629]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.338	0.135	[0.054, 0.622]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.221	0.173	[-0.143, 0.584]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.287	0.155	[-0.018, 0.591]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.313	0.132	[0.055, 0.571]	Treated cells
SDID	0.110	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.331	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.137	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-E-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-E-DYNAMIC · S01-P005 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.136	0.107	[-0.088, 0.361]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.196	0.166	[-0.152, 0.545]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.175	0.139	[-0.117, 0.467]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.261	0.172	[-0.100, 0.623]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.244	0.162	[-0.074, 0.562]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.229	0.138	[-0.042, 0.499]	Treated cells
SDID	0.348	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.190	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.339	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-F-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-F-DYNAMIC · S01-P006 · Data & fit details

1,014 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.154	0.135	[-0.130, 0.437]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.168	0.162	[-0.172, 0.508]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.236	0.153	[-0.085, 0.557]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.147	0.178	[-0.226, 0.520]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.247	0.164	[-0.075, 0.569]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.265	0.138	[-0.004, 0.535]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.007	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.121	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.138	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-G-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-G-DYNAMIC · S01-P007 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.097	0.114	[-0.143, 0.337]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.153	0.117	[-0.092, 0.398]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.159	0.112	[-0.077, 0.395]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.123	0.122	[-0.133, 0.380]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.147	0.111	[-0.071, 0.366]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.151	0.116	[-0.075, 0.378]	Treated cells
SDID	0.073	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.137	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.131	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-H-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-H-DYNAMIC · S01-P008 · Data & fit details

1,067 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.121	0.139	[-0.172, 0.413]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.095	0.229	[-0.575, 0.386]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.041	0.210	[-0.401, 0.483]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.022	0.261	[-0.570, 0.527]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.067	0.240	[-0.537, 0.403]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.037	0.189	[-0.407, 0.332]	Treated cells
SDID	0.067	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.066	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.023	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-I-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-I-DYNAMIC · S01-P009 · Data & fit details

1,070 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.104	0.144	[-0.406, 0.199]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.172	0.212	[-0.618, 0.273]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.236	0.179	[-0.612, 0.140]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.197	0.238	[-0.698, 0.303]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.268	0.201	[-0.662, 0.125]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.225	0.190	[-0.596, 0.147]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.154	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.223	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.016	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-J-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-J-DYNAMIC · S01-P010 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.110	0.098	[-0.096, 0.315]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.091	0.118	[-0.156, 0.338]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.042	0.122	[-0.214, 0.298]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.101	0.117	[-0.144, 0.347]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.002	0.118	[-0.228, 0.233]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.007	0.118	[-0.224, 0.238]	Treated cells
SDID	0.248	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.124	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.244	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-K-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-K-DYNAMIC · S01-P011 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.170	0.143	[-0.131, 0.470]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.076	0.153	[-0.245, 0.396]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.134	0.155	[-0.191, 0.459]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.071	0.139	[-0.222, 0.364]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.079	0.174	[-0.261, 0.419]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.095	0.162	[-0.221, 0.412]	Treated cells
SDID	0.213	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.133	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.349	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

CI-F4-L-DYNAMIC

CI-F4-L-DYNAMIC · S01-P012 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.023	0.092	[-0.171, 0.217]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.048	0.093	[-0.243, 0.148]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.148	0.091	[-0.340, 0.044]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.062	0.101	[-0.275, 0.151]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.148	0.090	[-0.324, 0.028]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.130	0.085	[-0.295, 0.036]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.076	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.142	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.104	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: central government [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A01-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 1 ("Trust: central government"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,107 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.215	0.114	[-0.024, 0.454]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.325	0.107	[0.100, 0.549]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.288	0.116	[0.045, 0.532]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.389	0.109	[0.160, 0.617]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.298	0.113	[0.077, 0.520]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.258	0.108	[0.045, 0.470]	Treated cells
SDID	0.502	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.300	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.197	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: provincial government [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A02-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 2 ("Trust: provincial government"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,106 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.232	0.134	[-0.050, 0.514]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.322	0.126	[0.058, 0.587]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.303	0.142	[0.004, 0.602]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.333	0.111	[0.100, 0.566]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.280	0.150	[-0.014, 0.575]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.269	0.143	[-0.012, 0.551]	Treated cells
SDID	0.447	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.336	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.178	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: local government [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A03-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 3 ("Trust: local government"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,107 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.388	0.124	[0.128, 0.648]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.374	0.116	[0.129, 0.618]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.333	0.104	[0.115, 0.551]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.385	0.116	[0.140, 0.630]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.301	0.111	[0.083, 0.519]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.298	0.100	[0.103, 0.494]	Treated cells
SDID	0.532	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.446	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.243	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: courts [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A04-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 4 ("Trust: courts"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,107 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.184	0.106	[-0.039, 0.406]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.148	0.124	[-0.112, 0.408]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.131	0.132	[-0.147, 0.408]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.205	0.129	[-0.065, 0.476]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.105	0.127	[-0.143, 0.354]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.106	0.109	[-0.108, 0.319]	Treated cells
SDID	0.414	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.279	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.183	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: armed forces [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A05-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 5 ("Trust: armed forces"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,106 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.307	0.096	[0.107, 0.508]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.313	0.144	[0.010, 0.616]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.338	0.121	[0.083, 0.593]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.350	0.116	[0.106, 0.594]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.294	0.124	[0.051, 0.537]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.299	0.110	[0.083, 0.514]	Treated cells
SDID	0.493	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.421	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.264	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust: police [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A06-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 6 ("Trust: police"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,107 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.187	0.158	[-0.144, 0.518]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.152	0.162	[-0.188, 0.493]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.127	0.162	[-0.212, 0.467]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.222	0.155	[-0.103, 0.547]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.113	0.156	[-0.193, 0.419]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.110	0.145	[-0.174, 0.395]	Treated cells
SDID	0.535	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.291	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.225	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust in government officials z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A07-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 7 ("Trust in government officials z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 1, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 1, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,106 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.341	0.139	[0.049, 0.634]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.363	0.142	[0.065, 0.661]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.330	0.140	[0.036, 0.624]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.426	0.137	[0.137, 0.714]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.305	0.135	[0.041, 0.570]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.290	0.120	[0.054, 0.525]	Treated cells
SDID	0.688	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.474	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.289	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust in non-governmental institutions z-score index (falsification) [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-A08-ORIG · Table 3, panel A, row 8 ("Trust in non-governmental institutions z-score index (falsification)"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,107 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.023	0.134	[-0.258, 0.304]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.039	0.117	[-0.206, 0.285]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.076	0.146	[-0.229, 0.382]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.064	0.120	[-0.188, 0.315]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.087	0.141	[-0.189, 0.363]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.069	0.136	[-0.197, 0.335]	Treated cells
SDID	0.146	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.146	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.039	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Village head is not self-interested [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B01-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 1 ("Village head is not self-interested"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,100 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.035	0.093	[-0.160, 0.229]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.061	0.139	[-0.230, 0.353]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.046	0.136	[-0.333, 0.240]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.062	0.138	[-0.228, 0.351]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.034	0.143	[-0.315, 0.247]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.046	0.125	[-0.291, 0.198]	Treated cells
SDID	0.231	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.127	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.269	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Village head cares not only about rich and powerful [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B02-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 2 ("Village head cares not only about rich and powerful"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.160	0.113	[-0.078, 0.398]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.264	0.115	[0.022, 0.505]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.134	0.127	[-0.133, 0.400]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.286	0.131	[0.010, 0.562]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.192	0.127	[-0.057, 0.441]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.150	0.116	[-0.076, 0.377]	Treated cells
SDID	0.402	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.243	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.249	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not necessary: police [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B03-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 3 ("Bribes are not necessary: police"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.072	0.086	[-0.108, 0.252]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.077	0.086	[-0.258, 0.104]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.023	0.085	[-0.157, 0.202]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.072	0.073	[-0.226, 0.081]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.036	0.074	[-0.182, 0.109]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.012	0.080	[-0.170, 0.145]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.188	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.085	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.195	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not necessary: documents [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B04-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 4 ("Bribes are not necessary: documents"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.158	0.094	[-0.040, 0.356]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.222	0.105	[0.002, 0.442]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.191	0.112	[-0.043, 0.426]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.260	0.101	[0.047, 0.473]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.174	0.118	[-0.058, 0.405]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.165	0.116	[-0.063, 0.392]	Treated cells
SDID	0.144	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.208	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.095	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not necessary: courts [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B05-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 5 ("Bribes are not necessary: courts"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.163	0.133	[-0.117, 0.442]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.089	0.144	[-0.213, 0.391]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.162	0.144	[-0.141, 0.466]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.118	0.160	[-0.218, 0.453]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.117	0.156	[-0.188, 0.422]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.131	0.151	[-0.165, 0.427]	Treated cells
SDID	0.040	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.176	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.125	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not necessary: education [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B06-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 6 ("Bribes are not necessary: education"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.060	0.091	[-0.131, 0.252]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.020	0.084	[-0.157, 0.197]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.094	0.083	[-0.080, 0.268]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.089	0.084	[-0.088, 0.265]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.075	0.090	[-0.101, 0.252]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.081	0.084	[-0.083, 0.245]	Treated cells
SDID	0.137	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.110	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.175	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not necessary: doctors [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B07-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 7 ("Bribes are not necessary: doctors"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.040	0.101	[-0.173, 0.252]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.115	0.104	[-0.334, 0.104]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.058	0.115	[-0.300, 0.184]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.104	0.103	[-0.319, 0.111]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.146	0.110	[-0.362, 0.069]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.096	0.098	[-0.288, 0.096]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.165	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.110	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.012	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not acceptable [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B08-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 8 ("Bribes are not acceptable"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,090 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.073	0.111	[-0.160, 0.306]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.101	0.153	[-0.221, 0.423]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.130	0.138	[-0.160, 0.421]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.175	0.162	[-0.165, 0.516]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.165	0.155	[-0.139, 0.469]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.128	0.141	[-0.148, 0.404]	Treated cells
SDID	0.144	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.102	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.184	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribes are not effective [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B09-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 9 ("Bribes are not effective"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.128	0.100	[-0.082, 0.337]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.048	0.167	[-0.303, 0.400]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.082	0.137	[-0.205, 0.369]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.063	0.184	[-0.324, 0.450]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.072	0.159	[-0.239, 0.383]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.092	0.130	[-0.163, 0.347]	Treated cells
SDID	0.034	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.074	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.153	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Officials would not accept bribes [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B10-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 10 ("Officials would not accept bribes"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,091 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.007	0.101	[-0.206, 0.220]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.039	0.161	[-0.377, 0.300]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.075	0.145	[-0.380, 0.230]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.040	0.188	[-0.436, 0.356]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.011	0.170	[-0.344, 0.323]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.024	0.146	[-0.310, 0.262]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.152	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.099	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.075	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-B11-ORIG · Table 3, panel B, row 11 ("Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 2, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 2, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,090 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.159	0.112	[-0.076, 0.394]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.127	0.144	[-0.175, 0.429]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.114	0.138	[-0.176, 0.404]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.185	0.168	[-0.169, 0.539]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.133	0.143	[-0.148, 0.413]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.120	0.134	[-0.143, 0.382]	Treated cells
SDID	0.201	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.160	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.239	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

How democratic is China [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-C01-ORIG · Table 3, panel C, row 1 ("How democratic is China"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.143	0.092	[-0.051, 0.337]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.121	0.137	[-0.167, 0.408]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.133	0.122	[-0.123, 0.389]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.169	0.141	[-0.127, 0.464]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.166	0.118	[-0.065, 0.398]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.124	0.116	[-0.102, 0.351]	Treated cells
SDID	0.236	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.103	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.254	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

People can influence elections [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-C02-ORIG · Table 3, panel C, row 2 ("People can influence elections"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,100 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.118	0.090	[-0.072, 0.308]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.036	0.145	[-0.269, 0.341]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.047	0.117	[-0.198, 0.292]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.040	0.152	[-0.279, 0.359]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.014	0.152	[-0.283, 0.312]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.015	0.132	[-0.243, 0.274]	Treated cells
SDID	0.128	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.106	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.242	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-C03-ORIG · Table 3, panel C, row 3 ("Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 3, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 3, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.154	0.091	[-0.037, 0.344]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.084	0.099	[-0.125, 0.293]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.090	0.098	[-0.115, 0.296]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.118	0.099	[-0.091, 0.326]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.091	0.115	[-0.133, 0.316]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.066	0.114	[-0.157, 0.290]	Treated cells
SDID	0.190	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.107	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.316	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

People cannot judge village head [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D01-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 1 ("People cannot judge village head"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,101 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.430	0.111	[0.197, 0.663]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.502	0.160	[0.166, 0.839]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.503	0.132	[0.226, 0.780]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.552	0.124	[0.292, 0.812]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.496	0.167	[0.168, 0.823]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.441	0.157	[0.133, 0.749]	Treated cells
SDID	0.697	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.654	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.037	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

People should not influence elections [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D02-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 2 ("People should not influence elections"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.041	0.105	[-0.180, 0.261]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.128	0.112	[-0.364, 0.108]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.028	0.117	[-0.218, 0.273]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.107	0.111	[-0.340, 0.127]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.033	0.127	[-0.282, 0.217]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.030	0.107	[-0.180, 0.240]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.204	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.014	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.088	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

People do not know better leaders [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D03-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 3 ("People do not know better leaders"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,101 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.129	0.124	[-0.132, 0.391]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.243	0.166	[-0.105, 0.591]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.263	0.131	[-0.012, 0.539]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.201	0.180	[-0.177, 0.578]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.247	0.141	[-0.029, 0.523]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.206	0.123	[-0.035, 0.446]	Treated cells
SDID	0.206	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.207	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.041	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Democracy is not always preferable [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D04-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 4 ("Democracy is not always preferable"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,037 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.155	0.147	[-0.155, 0.465]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.153	0.157	[-0.176, 0.482]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.146	0.138	[-0.145, 0.436]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.070	0.166	[-0.279, 0.419]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.129	0.140	[-0.145, 0.403]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.132	0.137	[-0.136, 0.400]	Treated cells
SDID	0.041	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.107	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.124	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

China is not suitable for democracy [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D05-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 5 ("China is not suitable for democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 46 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.258	0.114	[0.019, 0.497]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.300	0.150	[-0.015, 0.616]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.255	0.121	[-0.000, 0.510]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.243	0.167	[-0.108, 0.595]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.217	0.162	[-0.100, 0.535]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.249	0.139	[-0.024, 0.522]	Treated cells
SDID	0.133	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.263	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.015	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Wisdom of the masses z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-D06-ORIG · Table 3, panel D, row 6 ("Wisdom of the masses z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 4, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 4, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,036 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.296	0.135	[0.011, 0.580]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.296	0.159	[-0.038, 0.629]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.338	0.135	[0.054, 0.622]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.221	0.173	[-0.143, 0.584]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.287	0.155	[-0.018, 0.591]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.313	0.132	[0.055, 0.571]	Treated cells
SDID	0.110	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.331	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.137	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Participation is key for democracy [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-E01-ORIG · Table 3, panel E, row 1 ("Participation is key for democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 5, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 5, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,083 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.136	0.107	[-0.088, 0.361]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.196	0.166	[-0.152, 0.545]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.175	0.139	[-0.117, 0.467]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.261	0.172	[-0.100, 0.623]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.244	0.162	[-0.074, 0.562]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.229	0.138	[-0.042, 0.499]	Treated cells
SDID	0.348	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.190	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.339	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Skeptical of markets [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-F01-ORIG · Table 3, panel F, row 1 ("Skeptical of markets"), accepted-manuscript p. 46; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 6, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 6, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,014 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.154	0.135	[-0.130, 0.437]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.168	0.162	[-0.172, 0.508]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.236	0.153	[-0.085, 0.557]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.147	0.178	[-0.226, 0.520]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.247	0.164	[-0.075, 0.569]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.265	0.138	[-0.004, 0.535]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.007	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.121	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.138	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust toward minorities [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-G01-ORIG · Table 3, panel G, row 1 ("Trust toward minorities"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.002	0.065	[-0.139, 0.135]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.075	0.075	[-0.233, 0.084]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.043	0.076	[-0.202, 0.116]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.151	0.077	[-0.312, 0.010]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.039	0.083	[-0.202, 0.124]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.010	0.079	[-0.146, 0.166]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.255	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.091	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.001	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Han and minorities are similar [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-G02-ORIG · Table 3, panel G, row 2 ("Han and minorities are similar"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.167	0.156	[-0.161, 0.495]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.194	0.131	[-0.081, 0.468]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.147	0.151	[-0.170, 0.463]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.207	0.125	[-0.056, 0.470]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.122	0.129	[-0.131, 0.375]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.121	0.148	[-0.170, 0.412]	Treated cells
SDID	0.277	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.171	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.206	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Han and minorities share heritage [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-G03-ORIG · Table 3, panel G, row 3 ("Han and minorities share heritage"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.045	0.106	[-0.267, 0.178]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.079	0.108	[-0.147, 0.305]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.083	0.110	[-0.149, 0.315]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.116	0.126	[-0.148, 0.380]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.107	0.118	[-0.125, 0.339]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.051	0.113	[-0.169, 0.272]	Treated cells
SDID	0.158	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.089	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.007	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Willing to marry minority [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-G04-ORIG · Table 3, panel G, row 4 ("Willing to marry minority"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.133	0.103	[-0.083, 0.349]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.165	0.128	[-0.104, 0.434]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.191	0.116	[-0.052, 0.434]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.109	0.105	[-0.113, 0.330]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.154	0.127	[-0.095, 0.402]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.184	0.129	[-0.068, 0.436]	Treated cells
SDID	0.080	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.205	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.130	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Ethnic identity z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-G05-ORIG · Table 3, panel G, row 5 ("Ethnic identity z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 7, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 7, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,131 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.097	0.114	[-0.143, 0.337]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.153	0.117	[-0.092, 0.398]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.159	0.112	[-0.077, 0.395]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.123	0.122	[-0.133, 0.380]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.147	0.111	[-0.071, 0.366]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.151	0.116	[-0.075, 0.378]	Treated cells
SDID	0.073	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.137	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.131	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Identity: Chinese [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-H01-ORIG · Table 3, panel H, row 1 ("Identity: Chinese"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 8, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 8, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,067 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.121	0.139	[-0.172, 0.413]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.095	0.229	[-0.575, 0.386]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.041	0.210	[-0.401, 0.483]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.022	0.261	[-0.570, 0.527]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.067	0.240	[-0.537, 0.403]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.037	0.189	[-0.407, 0.332]	Treated cells
SDID	0.067	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.066	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.023	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Support environment spending [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-I01-ORIG · Table 3, panel I, row 1 ("Support environment spending"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,123 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.135	0.119	[-0.385, 0.114]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.243	0.190	[-0.643, 0.156]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.288	0.150	[-0.602, 0.027]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.220	0.195	[-0.630, 0.190]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.279	0.173	[-0.618, 0.060]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.236	0.146	[-0.523, 0.051]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.162	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.256	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.000	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Environment as policy priority [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-I02-ORIG · Table 3, panel I, row 2 ("Environment as policy priority"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,070 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.015	0.128	[-0.285, 0.255]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.064	0.128	[-0.206, 0.334]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.028	0.125	[-0.291, 0.235]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.020	0.149	[-0.294, 0.333]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.036	0.139	[-0.308, 0.237]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.046	0.133	[-0.306, 0.215]	Treated cells
SDID	0.095	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.021	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.062	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Environment versus growth [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-I03-ORIG · Table 3, panel I, row 3 ("Environment versus growth"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,070 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.017	0.131	[-0.291, 0.258]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.149	0.184	[-0.537, 0.238]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.147	0.154	[-0.470, 0.177]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.181	0.203	[-0.608, 0.245]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.212	0.179	[-0.562, 0.139]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.141	0.167	[-0.469, 0.187]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.198	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.170	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.109	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Attitudes about environment z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-I04-ORIG · Table 3, panel I, row 4 ("Attitudes about environment z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 9, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 9, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,070 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.104	0.144	[-0.406, 0.199]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.172	0.212	[-0.618, 0.273]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.236	0.179	[-0.612, 0.140]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.197	0.238	[-0.698, 0.303]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.268	0.201	[-0.662, 0.125]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.225	0.190	[-0.596, 0.147]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.154	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.223	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.016	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Voted for local People's Congress representative in the past [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-J01-ORIG · Table 3, panel J, row 1 ("Voted for local People's Congress representative in the past"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.059	0.109	[-0.287, 0.169]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.078	0.130	[-0.351, 0.195]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.120	0.135	[-0.404, 0.163]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.061	0.119	[-0.312, 0.190]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.186	0.137	[-0.454, 0.082]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.156	0.149	[-0.448, 0.137]	Treated cells
SDID	0.067	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.048	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.430	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Plan to vote for local People's Congress representative [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-J02-ORIG · Table 3, panel J, row 2 ("Plan to vote for local People's Congress representative"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.019	0.131	[-0.294, 0.256]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.118	0.099	[-0.089, 0.325]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.015	0.155	[-0.341, 0.312]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.087	0.100	[-0.124, 0.298]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.060	0.127	[-0.190, 0.310]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.014	0.120	[-0.249, 0.221]	Treated cells
SDID	0.449	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.141	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.037	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Member of Chinese Communist Party [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-J03-ORIG · Table 3, panel J, row 3 ("Member of Chinese Communist Party"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,146 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.101	0.107	[-0.124, 0.326]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.023	0.130	[-0.251, 0.297]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.056	0.126	[-0.207, 0.320]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.081	0.151	[-0.236, 0.398]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.029	0.140	[-0.303, 0.245]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.010	0.129	[-0.262, 0.242]	Treated cells
SDID	0.098	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.053	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.248	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Participation in political groups [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-J04-ORIG · Table 3, panel J, row 4 ("Participation in political groups"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.186	0.097	[-0.017, 0.390]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.148	0.110	[-0.083, 0.379]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.155	0.086	[-0.026, 0.337]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.133	0.109	[-0.097, 0.363]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.149	0.098	[-0.043, 0.341]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.160	0.098	[-0.032, 0.351]	Treated cells
SDID	0.138	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.183	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.087	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Political behavior z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-J05-ORIG · Table 3, panel J, row 5 ("Political behavior z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 10, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 10, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.110	0.098	[-0.096, 0.315]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.091	0.118	[-0.156, 0.338]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.042	0.122	[-0.214, 0.298]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.101	0.117	[-0.144, 0.347]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.002	0.118	[-0.228, 0.233]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.007	0.118	[-0.224, 0.238]	Treated cells
SDID	0.248	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.124	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.244	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Not invested in stocks [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-K01-ORIG · Table 3, panel K, row 1 ("Not invested in stocks"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.119	0.148	[-0.193, 0.430]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.079	0.154	[-0.245, 0.404]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.126	0.165	[-0.220, 0.472]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.117	0.135	[-0.167, 0.402]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.138	0.153	[-0.162, 0.437]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.130	0.152	[-0.169, 0.428]	Treated cells
SDID	0.182	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.112	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.295	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Not invested in bonds [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-K02-ORIG · Table 3, panel K, row 2 ("Not invested in bonds"), accepted-manuscript p. 47 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.145	0.136	[-0.141, 0.431]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.039	0.179	[-0.337, 0.415]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.082	0.172	[-0.278, 0.443]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.007	0.187	[-0.399, 0.386]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.014	0.227	[-0.459, 0.431]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.019	0.201	[-0.374, 0.413]	Treated cells
SDID	0.118	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.081	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.208	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Avoiding risky investment z-score index [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-K03-ORIG · Table 3, panel K, row 3 ("Avoiding risky investment z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 11, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 11, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.170	0.143	[-0.131, 0.470]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.076	0.153	[-0.245, 0.396]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.134	0.155	[-0.191, 0.459]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.071	0.139	[-0.222, 0.364]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.079	0.174	[-0.261, 0.419]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.095	0.162	[-0.221, 0.412]	Treated cells
SDID	0.213	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.133	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.349	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Cooperated with minority [Table 3 original scale]

CI-T3-L01-ORIG · Table 3, panel L, row 1 ("Cooperated with minority"), accepted-manuscript p. 47; exact duplicate also at Table 4, panel A, column 12, p. 48 and Table 5, panel A, column 12, p. 49 · Data & fit details

1,065 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.023	0.092	[-0.171, 0.217]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.048	0.093	[-0.243, 0.148]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.148	0.091	[-0.340, 0.044]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.062	0.101	[-0.275, 0.151]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.148	0.090	[-0.324, 0.028]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.130	0.085	[-0.295, 0.036]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.076	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.142	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.104	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust in government officials z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C01 · Table 5, panel B, column 1 ("Trust in government officials"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

191 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.301	0.311	[-0.362, 0.963]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.441	0.262	[-0.118, 1.000]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.946	0.377	[0.142, 1.750]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.347	0.190	[-0.057, 0.752]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.517	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C02 · Table 5, panel B, column 2 ("Bribery and civic-mindedness"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

188 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.493	0.182	[0.106, 0.880]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.054	0.267	[-0.514, 0.622]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.848	0.452	[-0.115, 1.811]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.647	0.175	[0.275, 1.019]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.889	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C03 · Table 5, panel B, column 3 ("Perception of Chinese democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

189 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.135	0.417	[-0.754, 1.023]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.274	0.368	[-0.510, 1.058]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	1.335	0.647	[-0.045, 2.714]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.065	0.131	[-0.345, 0.215]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	1.057	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Wisdom of the masses z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C04 · Table 5, panel B, column 4 ("Wisdom of the masses"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

176 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 9 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.217	0.408	[-1.087, 0.653]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.113	0.365	[-0.891, 0.666]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.074	0.346	[-0.811, 0.664]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.128	0.250	[-0.661, 0.405]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.195	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Participation is key for democracy [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C05 · Table 5, panel B, column 5 ("Characteristics of democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

173 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.140	0.200	[-0.287, 0.566]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.350	0.348	[-0.392, 1.093]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.038	0.652	[-1.427, 1.351]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.181	0.214	[-0.275, 0.636]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.377	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Skeptical of markets [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C06 · Table 5, panel B, column 6 ("Skeptical of markets"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

173 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 9 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.445	0.289	[-0.172, 1.061]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.218	0.397	[-0.628, 1.064]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	1.180	0.522	[0.067, 2.293]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.342	0.192	[-0.068, 0.751]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	1.510	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Ethnic identity z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C07 · Table 5, panel B, column 7 ("Ethnic identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

187 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.548	0.276	[-0.040, 1.137]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.307	0.280	[-0.289, 0.904]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.126	0.263	[-0.686, 0.435]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.515	0.123	[0.252, 0.777]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.437	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Identity: Chinese [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C08 · Table 5, panel B, column 8 ("National identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

191 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.186	0.319	[-0.867, 0.494]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.126	0.348	[-0.616, 0.868]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-1.051	0.550	[-2.223, 0.121]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.560	0.186	[-0.955, -0.164]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-1.327	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Attitudes about environment z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C09 · Table 5, panel B, column 9 ("Attitudes about environment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

191 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.185	0.395	[-1.028, 0.657]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.146	0.321	[-0.829, 0.537]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.005	0.383	[-0.822, 0.812]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.012	0.337	[-0.707, 0.731]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.031	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Political behavior z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C10 · Table 5, panel B, column 10 ("Political behavior"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

178 observations · 15 units · 15 clusters · 9 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.222	0.249	[-0.757, 0.313]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.663	0.257	[-1.214, -0.112]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.266	0.602	[-1.557, 1.024]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.388	0.146	[0.075, 0.700]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.240	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Avoiding risky investment z-score index [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C11 · Table 5, panel B, column 11 ("Avoiding risky investment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

191 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.044	0.258	[-0.506, 0.595]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.092	0.384	[-0.911, 0.727]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.171	0.310	[-0.490, 0.831]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.169	0.234	[-0.329, 0.667]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.338	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Cooperated with minority [follow-up survey sample]

CI-T5-B-C12 · Table 5, panel B, column 12 ("Cooperation with minority"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

190 observations · 16 units · 16 clusters · 10 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.161	0.232	[-0.333, 0.655]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.261	0.321	[-0.422, 0.945]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.226	0.498	[-0.836, 1.288]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.161	0.113	[-0.081, 0.403]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.358	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust in government officials z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C01 · Table 5, panel C, column 1 ("Trust in government officials"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

683 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.411	0.141	[0.114, 0.707]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.406	0.125	[0.142, 0.669]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.370	0.139	[0.079, 0.662]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.460	0.111	[0.227, 0.693]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.343	0.140	[0.068, 0.619]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.347	0.124	[0.105, 0.590]	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.462	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.314	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C02 · Table 5, panel C, column 2 ("Bribery and civic-mindedness"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

676 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.322	0.144	[0.020, 0.624]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.283	0.206	[-0.150, 0.716]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.313	0.165	[-0.035, 0.660]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.345	0.219	[-0.116, 0.805]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.309	0.179	[-0.042, 0.661]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.299	0.161	[-0.016, 0.614]	Treated cells
SDID	0.370	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.349	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.287	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C03 · Table 5, panel C, column 3 ("Perception of Chinese democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

674 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.237	0.097	[0.033, 0.442]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.150	0.123	[-0.109, 0.408]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.179	0.120	[-0.073, 0.432]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.177	0.114	[-0.063, 0.417]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.167	0.139	[-0.106, 0.440]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.158	0.124	[-0.085, 0.402]	Treated cells
SDID	0.214	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.154	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.325	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Wisdom of the masses z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C04 · Table 5, panel C, column 4 ("Wisdom of the masses"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

652 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.236	0.151	[-0.082, 0.553]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.128	0.203	[-0.300, 0.555]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.202	0.179	[-0.174, 0.577]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.071	0.213	[-0.377, 0.519]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.203	0.197	[-0.182, 0.589]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.237	0.158	[-0.074, 0.547]	Treated cells
SDID	0.050	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.274	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.106	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Participation is key for democracy [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C05 · Table 5, panel C, column 5 ("Characteristics of democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

674 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.265	0.118	[0.017, 0.512]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.273	0.195	[-0.137, 0.682]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.295	0.160	[-0.042, 0.632]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.322	0.196	[-0.089, 0.734]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.312	0.194	[-0.068, 0.692]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.309	0.157	[0.000, 0.618]	Treated cells
SDID	0.272	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.181	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.406	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Skeptical of markets [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C06 · Table 5, panel C, column 6 ("Skeptical of markets"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

640 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.023	0.180	[-0.355, 0.400]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.034	0.239	[-0.469, 0.537]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.056	0.237	[-0.442, 0.555]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.026	0.252	[-0.504, 0.555]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.127	0.231	[-0.325, 0.580]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.143	0.197	[-0.242, 0.529]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.074	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.055	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.014	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Ethnic identity z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C07 · Table 5, panel C, column 7 ("Ethnic identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

700 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.160	0.160	[-0.176, 0.497]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.155	0.190	[-0.244, 0.554]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.233	0.179	[-0.142, 0.609]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.072	0.187	[-0.322, 0.465]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.173	0.206	[-0.230, 0.576]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.266	0.227	[-0.180, 0.711]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.191	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.096	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.132	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Identity: Chinese [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C08 · Table 5, panel C, column 8 ("National identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

661 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.168	0.177	[-0.203, 0.539]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.100	0.296	[-0.721, 0.522]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.030	0.255	[-0.506, 0.566]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.021	0.321	[-0.696, 0.654]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.089	0.262	[-0.604, 0.425]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.053	0.206	[-0.456, 0.351]	Treated cells
SDID	0.051	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.042	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.043	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Attitudes about environment z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C09 · Table 5, panel C, column 9 ("Attitudes about environment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

664 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.131	0.203	[-0.557, 0.296]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.227	0.290	[-0.836, 0.383]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.166	0.261	[-0.715, 0.383]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.256	0.288	[-0.861, 0.349]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.217	0.246	[-0.700, 0.266]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.160	0.233	[-0.617, 0.297]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.184	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.159	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.007	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Political behavior z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C10 · Table 5, panel C, column 10 ("Political behavior"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

659 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.062	0.151	[-0.255, 0.379]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.062	0.161	[-0.276, 0.400]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.081	0.200	[-0.501, 0.339]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.049	0.152	[-0.270, 0.368]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.072	0.184	[-0.434, 0.289]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.059	0.200	[-0.452, 0.334]	Treated cells
SDID	0.344	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.061	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.243	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Avoiding risky investment z-score index [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C11 · Table 5, panel C, column 11 ("Avoiding risky investment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

659 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.170	0.126	[-0.095, 0.435]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.079	0.144	[-0.224, 0.381]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.139	0.133	[-0.139, 0.418]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.114	0.139	[-0.178, 0.406]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.090	0.162	[-0.227, 0.406]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.082	0.157	[-0.226, 0.391]	Treated cells
SDID	0.209	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.127	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.311	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Cooperated with minority [science-track students only]

CI-T5-C-C12 · Table 5, panel C, column 12 ("Cooperation with minority"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

659 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.034	0.148	[-0.276, 0.345]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.035	0.161	[-0.374, 0.303]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.167	0.148	[-0.479, 0.144]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.060	0.206	[-0.493, 0.372]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.123	0.159	[-0.434, 0.188]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.104	0.152	[-0.402, 0.193]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.050	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.148	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	-0.155	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Trust in government officials z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C01 · Table 5, panel D, column 1 ("Trust in government officials"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

288 observations · 18 units · 18 clusters · 11 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.531	0.248	[0.007, 1.055]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.553	0.338	[-0.160, 1.265]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.558	0.269	[-0.009, 1.125]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.610	0.317	[-0.058, 1.278]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.332	0.257	[-0.172, 0.836]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.370	0.210	[-0.042, 0.782]	Treated cells
SDID	0.904	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.701	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Bribery and civic-mindedness z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C02 · Table 5, panel D, column 2 ("Bribery and civic-mindedness"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

281 observations · 18 units · 18 clusters · 11 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.152	0.179	[-0.226, 0.530]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.219	0.202	[-0.206, 0.645]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.081	0.254	[-0.454, 0.617]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.229	0.238	[-0.273, 0.731]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.021	0.233	[-0.437, 0.478]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.051	0.226	[-0.392, 0.493]	Treated cells
SDID	0.006	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.149	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Perception of Chinese democracy z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C03 · Table 5, panel D, column 3 ("Perception of Chinese democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

264 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.332	0.216	[-0.126, 0.790]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.263	0.230	[-0.224, 0.750]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.358	0.202	[-0.069, 0.786]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.387	0.172	[0.023, 0.751]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.125	0.231	[-0.329, 0.578]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.187	0.235	[-0.272, 0.647]	Treated cells
SDID	0.594	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.469	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Wisdom of the masses z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C04 · Table 5, panel D, column 4 ("Wisdom of the masses"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

250 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.382	0.247	[-0.142, 0.907]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.558	0.210	[0.113, 1.004]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.479	0.235	[-0.018, 0.977]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.491	0.220	[0.025, 0.956]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.407	0.203	[0.009, 0.804]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.353	0.213	[-0.063, 0.770]	Treated cells
SDID	0.728	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.608	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Participation is key for democracy [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C05 · Table 5, panel D, column 5 ("Characteristics of democracy"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

264 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.014	0.159	[-0.323, 0.351]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.014	0.213	[-0.437, 0.465]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.068	0.191	[-0.336, 0.472]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.078	0.221	[-0.392, 0.547]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.068	0.257	[-0.435, 0.571]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.083	0.220	[-0.348, 0.513]	Treated cells
SDID	0.367	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.178	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Skeptical of markets [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C06 · Table 5, panel D, column 6 ("Skeptical of markets"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

246 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.553	0.119	[0.300, 0.807]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.510	0.157	[0.177, 0.844]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.484	0.162	[0.140, 0.828]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.447	0.196	[0.031, 0.864]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.370	0.202	[-0.026, 0.766]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.384	0.182	[0.028, 0.740]	Treated cells
SDID	0.338	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.489	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Ethnic identity z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C07 · Table 5, panel D, column 7 ("Ethnic identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

295 observations · 18 units · 18 clusters · 11 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.063	0.240	[-0.445, 0.570]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.355	0.148	[0.043, 0.666]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.222	0.245	[-0.294, 0.739]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.514	0.176	[0.143, 0.885]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.290	0.184	[-0.072, 0.651]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.171	0.225	[-0.269, 0.611]	Treated cells
SDID	0.714	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.385	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Identity: Chinese [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C08 · Table 5, panel D, column 8 ("National identity"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

261 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.167	0.189	[-0.567, 0.233]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.337	0.222	[-0.808, 0.134]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.189	0.273	[-0.768, 0.389]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.214	0.272	[-0.791, 0.364]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.295	0.256	[-0.797, 0.207]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.243	0.240	[-0.713, 0.226]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.138	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.283	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Attitudes about environment z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C09 · Table 5, panel D, column 9 ("Attitudes about environment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

261 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.161	0.230	[-0.327, 0.649]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.054	0.276	[-0.531, 0.638]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.017	0.278	[-0.572, 0.606]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.081	0.317	[-0.753, 0.592]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.135	0.264	[-0.653, 0.383]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.120	0.247	[-0.604, 0.364]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.221	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.123	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Political behavior z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C10 · Table 5, panel D, column 10 ("Political behavior"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

261 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.202	0.205	[-0.233, 0.637]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.284	0.203	[-0.147, 0.716]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.357	0.207	[-0.081, 0.796]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.387	0.203	[-0.043, 0.817]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.286	0.178	[-0.063, 0.635]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.250	0.173	[-0.090, 0.589]	Treated cells
SDID	0.533	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.476	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Avoiding risky investment z-score index [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C11 · Table 5, panel D, column 11 ("Avoiding risky investment"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

261 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.184	0.240	[-0.325, 0.693]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.059	0.288	[-0.670, 0.551]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.141	0.271	[-0.715, 0.433]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.210	0.280	[-0.804, 0.383]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.186	0.264	[-0.703, 0.331]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.161	0.242	[-0.636, 0.314]	Treated cells
SDID	-0.297	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.004	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Cooperated with minority [humanities-track students only]

CI-T5-D-C12 · Table 5, panel D, column 12 ("Cooperation with minority"), accepted-manuscript p. 49 · Data & fit details

261 observations · 17 units · 17 clusters · 10 treated / 7 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.197	0.207	[-0.242, 0.637]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.160	0.243	[-0.354, 0.674]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.094	0.301	[-0.545, 0.733]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.095	0.242	[-0.418, 0.609]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.081	0.292	[-0.654, 0.492]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.012	0.275	[-0.551, 0.527]	Treated cells
SDID	0.093	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.190	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Identified new-curriculum textbook cover

CI-T6-C01 · Table 6, column 1 ("Identified new-curriculum textbook cover"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,061 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	1.820	0.035	[1.745, 1.894]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	1.868	0.034	[1.797, 1.939]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	1.853	0.034	[1.781, 1.925]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	1.865	0.031	[1.799, 1.931]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	1.880	0.038	[1.806, 1.954]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	1.844	0.047	[1.751, 1.937]	Treated cells
SDID	1.893	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	1.862	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	1.898	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Aware: village head elected

CI-T6-C02 · Table 6, column 2 ("Aware: village head elected"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.146	0.101	[-0.067, 0.358]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.127	0.104	[-0.091, 0.345]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.214	0.112	[-0.021, 0.450]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.151	0.077	[-0.011, 0.312]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.207	0.138	[-0.064, 0.478]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.195	0.124	[-0.049, 0.439]	Treated cells
SDID	0.087	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.056	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.231	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Aware: able to vote for local People's Congress representative

CI-T6-C03 · Table 6, column 3 ("Aware: able to vote for local People's Congress representative"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.108	0.130	[-0.166, 0.381]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.136	0.171	[-0.224, 0.495]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.195	0.148	[-0.117, 0.506]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.186	0.183	[-0.198, 0.570]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.161	0.148	[-0.128, 0.451]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.120	0.126	[-0.127, 0.367]	Treated cells
SDID	0.286	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.210	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.192	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Factual political knowledge z-score index

CI-T6-C04 · Table 6, column 4 ("Factual political knowledge z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,102 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.167	0.100	[-0.043, 0.376]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.173	0.091	[-0.019, 0.365]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.269	0.092	[0.076, 0.463]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.222	0.089	[0.035, 0.409]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.242	0.102	[0.042, 0.442]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.207	0.103	[0.005, 0.410]	Treated cells
SDID	0.228	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.176	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.264	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Teaching style z-score index

CI-T6-C05 · Table 6, column 5 ("Teaching style z-score index"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,061 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	-0.072	0.107	[-0.296, 0.153]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	-0.138	0.110	[-0.369, 0.094]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	-0.127	0.112	[-0.363, 0.108]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	-0.104	0.123	[-0.363, 0.155]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	-0.172	0.106	[-0.380, 0.037]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	-0.171	0.123	[-0.412, 0.071]	Treated cells
SDID	0.132	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	-0.026	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.115	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.

Teaching focused on gaokao

CI-T6-C06 · Table 6, column 6 ("Teaching focused on gaokao"), accepted-manuscript p. 50 · Data & fit details

1,061 observations · 19 units · 19 clusters · 13 treated / 6 control units.

Estimate comparison

Estimator	Estimate (SDs)	SE	95% CI	Averaging
Static TWFE	0.167	0.122	[-0.089, 0.423]	Coefficient
Dynamic TWFE	0.040	0.108	[-0.187, 0.267]	Treated cells
BJS / did2s	0.137	0.105	[-0.084, 0.359]	Treated cells
Sun–Abraham	0.055	0.100	[-0.156, 0.266]	Treated cells
CS-DID (equal event-time)	0.089	0.108	[-0.123, 0.301]	Equal post-event times
CS-DID (treated cells)	0.099	0.100	[-0.096, 0.294]	Treated cells
SDID	0.098	—	—	Treated cells
Matrix completion	0.138	—	—	Treated cells
Horizontal ridge	0.221	—	—	Treated cells

Event studies

Periods −10 to +10; pointwise 95% intervals where available.