The War on Poverty’s Experiment in Public Medicine: Community Health Centers and the Mortality of Older Americans

Martha J. Bailey; Andrew Goodman-Bacon (2015) · American Economic Review

Published

October 10, 2026

import sys
from pathlib import Path

ROOT = next(
    p for p in [Path.cwd(), *Path.cwd().parents]
    if (p / "scripts/tranche50_report.py").exists()
)
sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT / "scripts"))
from tranche50_report import report
report("aeraej-231", tranche="tranche100")

Martha J. Bailey; Andrew Goodman-Bacon (2015). American Economic Review. Table 2, Panel A.

Collection index · Results JSON · QMD · Reproduction code

Source specification

The source reports binned event effects. The comparison uses an unbinned treated-cell post average, retaining population weights, state-year and urban-quintile-year effects, county effects and all source controls.

Source coefficient Template on source sample Source N Template source-sample N
-18.885 -3.715 91320 91320

The source and comparison coefficients use different specifications or aggregation targets, as stated above; they are not an exact-replication comparison.

Role Column
Outcome amr
Treatment policy
Unit fips
Time year
Cluster fips

158 retained control columns. D_pct59inclt3k_t; D_60pctnonwhit_t; D_60pctrurf_t; D_60pcturban_t; D_tot_act_md_t; R_tranpcret; R_tranpcpa1; H_bpc; H_hpc; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1959; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1959; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1959; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1959; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1960; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1960; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1960; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1960; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1960; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1961; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1961; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1961; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1961; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1961; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1962; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1962; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1962; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1962; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1962; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1963; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1963; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1963; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1963; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1963; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1964; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1964; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1964; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1964; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1964; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1965; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1965; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1965; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1965; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1965; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1966; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1966; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1966; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1966; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1966; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1967; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1967; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1967; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1967; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1967; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1968; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1968; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1968; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1968; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1968; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1969; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1969; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1969; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1969; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1969; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1970; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1970; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1970; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1970; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1970; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1971; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1971; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1971; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1971; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1971; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1972; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1972; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1972; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1972; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1972; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1973; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1973; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1973; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1973; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1973; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1974; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1974; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1974; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1974; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1974; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1975; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1975; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1975; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1975; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1975; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1976; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1976; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1976; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1976; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1976; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1977; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1977; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1977; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1977; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1977; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1978; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1978; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1978; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1978; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1978; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1979; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1979; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1979; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1979; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1979; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1980; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1980; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1980; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1980; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1980; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1981; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1981; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1981; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1981; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1981; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1982; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1982; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1982; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1982; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1982; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1983; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1983; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1983; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1983; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1983; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1984; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1984; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1984; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1984; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1984; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1985; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1985; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1985; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1985; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1985; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1986; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1986; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1986; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1986; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1986; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1987; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1987; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1987; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1987; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1987; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])0_1.1988; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])1_25.1988; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])25_50.1988; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])50_75.1988; urban_year::factor(d[[k]])75_110.1988

Estimates below divide the outcome by its source-sample standard deviation, 169.093. Static TWFE is the treatment coefficient. Dynamic TWFE, BJS and Sun–Abraham average supported post-treatment cells by observation count. CS-DID additionally reports an equal-event-time average.

Analysis sample and treatment timing

Observations Units Treated Control units Cohorts Clusters
91290 3043 616 2427 15 3043
Sample restriction Count
additional rows removed 570

Adoption is the first observed treated period. Initially treated units and units without an observed minus-one baseline are excluded. Post-adoption untreated rows are excluded for switching policies. The plot shows at most 100 seeded-sample units; estimation uses the full eligible sample. Empty cells remain missing.

y__d: 100 of 3043 units shown (seed 20261008). All eligible units enter estimation. Purple: untreated; yellow: treated; white: unobserved.

Estimates

Estimator Estimate (SD) SE 95% lower 95% upper Target Status
Static TWFE -0.02197 0.012705 -0.046881 0.0029408 Coefficient estimated
Dynamic TWFE -0.070373 0.016762 -0.10324 -0.037508 Treated cells estimated
BJS / did2s -0.095771 0.042654 -0.17941 -0.012136 Treated cells estimated
Sun–Abraham -0.093273 0.018467 -0.12948 -0.057064 Treated cells estimated
CS-DID (equal event-time) nan nan nan nan Equal post-event times unsupported
SDID nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Matrix completion nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Horizontal ridge nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (individual) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported

Intervals use the configured clusters and the estimator’s available inference. Hollow points have no computed interval; no new refit-bootstrap batch is run.

Estimator Reason
CS-DID (equal event-time) csdid: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.
SDID sdid: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.
Matrix completion matrix-completion: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.
Horizontal ridge horizontal-ridge: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) multisynth-cohort: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.
Multisynth (individual) multisynth-individual: matching the configured nonstandard fixed effects is not implemented.

Event studies

Cohort homogeneity

The imported TestingInEventStudies deviations design tests positive-event-time cohort deviations jointly. This is the homoskedastic nested-model F-test; the estimator confidence intervals above use clustered inference.

**y__d: F(203, 86295) = 3.0861; p = 1.659e-44.** Homoskedastic nested-model F. 560 design columns.

Each line is a cohort deviation. The joint test restricts positive-event-time deviations to zero; event time 0 remains unrestricted.

Fitting settings and checks

Specification Estimator Settings Pooling
y__d CS-DID {} {}
y__d SDID {} {}
y__d Matrix completion {} {}
y__d Horizontal ridge {} {}
y__d Multisynth (cohort-averaged) {} {}
y__d Multisynth (individual) {} {} 
{
  "did2s_vs_direct_imputation_max_post_difference": 9.46295106968309e-07,
  "package_aggregate_vs_estimable_cell_weights": null,
  "saturated_vs_deviations_relative_rss_difference": 4.284521747716923e-15
}