Does Abolishing User Fees Lead to Improved Health Status? Evidence from Post-Apartheid South Africa

Shinsuke Tanaka (2014) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy

Published

October 10, 2026

import sys
from pathlib import Path

ROOT = next(
    p for p in [Path.cwd(), *Path.cwd().parents]
    if (p / "scripts/tranche50_report.py").exists()
)
sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT / "scripts"))
from tranche50_report import report
report("aeraej-167")

Shinsuke Tanaka (2014). American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. Table 3.

Source specification

Repeated child observations are indexed by community and survey wave, retaining source household controls. The comparison adds a survey-wave effect to the source community-effects model.

Source coefficient Template on source sample Source N Template source-sample N
0.63804 0.63804 1071 1071

The source and comparison coefficients use different specifications or aggregation targets, as stated above; they are not an exact-replication comparison.

Role Column
Outcome waz
Treatment postXhigh
Unit clustnum
Time year
Cluster clustnum

14 retained control columns. fedu; medu; hhsizep; ln_totminc; immuniz; non_clinic93; age93_0; age93_1; age93_2; age93_3; age98_0; age98_1; age98_2; age98_3

Estimates below divide the outcome by its source-sample standard deviation, 1.58743. Static TWFE is the treatment coefficient. Dynamic TWFE, BJS and Sun–Abraham average supported post-treatment cells by observation count. CS-DID additionally reports an equal-event-time average.

Analysis sample and treatment timing

Observations Units Treated Control units Cohorts Clusters
1070 53 25 28 1 53
Sample restriction Count
additional rows removed 1

Adoption is the first observed treated period. Initially treated units and units without an observed minus-one baseline are excluded. Post-adoption untreated rows are excluded for switching policies. The plot shows at most 100 seeded-sample units; estimation uses the full eligible sample. Empty cells remain missing.

y__d: 53 of 53 units shown (seed 20261008). All eligible units enter estimation. Purple: untreated; yellow: treated; white: unobserved.

Estimates

Estimator Estimate (SD) SE 95% lower 95% upper Target Status
Static TWFE 0.40193 0.1689 0.063012 0.74086 Coefficient estimated
Dynamic TWFE 0.40193 0.1689 0.063012 0.74086 Treated cells estimated
BJS / did2s 0.20952 0.13199 -0.055339 0.47438 Treated cells estimated
Sun–Abraham 0.40193 0.1689 0.063012 0.74086 Treated cells estimated
CS-DID (equal event-time) nan nan nan nan Equal post-event times unidentified
SDID nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Matrix completion nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Horizontal ridge nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (individual) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported

Intervals use the configured clusters and the estimator’s available inference. Hollow points have no computed interval; no new refit-bootstrap batch is run.

Estimator Reason
CS-DID (equal event-time) UnidentifiedTarget: CS-DID cannot estimate 1 observed post-treatment group-time cells with the configured controls; no target cells were dropped. See csdid-group-time.json and package log.
SDID sdid: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Matrix completion matrix-completion: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Horizontal ridge horizontal-ridge: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) multisynth-cohort: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Multisynth (individual) multisynth-individual: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.

Event studies

Cohort homogeneity

The imported TestingInEventStudies deviations design tests positive-event-time cohort deviations jointly. This is the homoskedastic nested-model F-test; the estimator confidence intervals above use clustered inference.

**y__d: homogeneity test not identified.** Only one treated cohort remains on the common supported sample.

Fitting settings and checks

Specification Estimator Settings Pooling
y__d CS-DID {} {}
y__d SDID {} {}
y__d Matrix completion {} {}
y__d Horizontal ridge {} {}
y__d Multisynth (cohort-averaged) {} {}
y__d Multisynth (individual) {} {}
{
  "did2s_vs_direct_imputation_max_post_difference": 2.8338725505117068e-08,
  "package_aggregate_vs_estimable_cell_weights": null
}