Demand and Supply of Infrequent Payments as a Commitment Device: Evidence from Kenya

Lorenzo Casaburi; Rocco Macchiavello (2019) · American Economic Review

Published

October 10, 2026

import sys
from pathlib import Path

ROOT = next(
    p for p in [Path.cwd(), *Path.cwd().parents]
    if (p / "scripts/tranche50_report.py").exists()
)
sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT / "scripts"))
from tranche50_report import report
report("aeraej-155", tranche="tranche100")

Lorenzo Casaburi; Rocco Macchiavello (2019). American Economic Review. Table 2: monthly-payment arm, controlling for the flexibility arm.

Collection index · Results JSON · QMD · Reproduction code

Source specification

Daily and producer effects are retained along with the flexibility-arm post indicator. The focal effect is monthly-payment assignment, conditional on the other randomized arm.

Source coefficient Template on source sample Source N Template source-sample N
0.1277 0.1277 2388 2388

Source-to-template coefficient difference: 2.5e-16, in original outcome units.

Role Column
Outcome kg_pm
Treatment post_M
Unit pid
Time day
Cluster pid

1 retained control columns. post_F

Estimates below divide the outcome by its source-sample standard deviation, 0.628794. Static TWFE is the treatment coefficient. Dynamic TWFE, BJS and Sun–Abraham average supported post-treatment cells by observation count. CS-DID additionally reports an equal-event-time average.

Analysis sample and treatment timing

Observations Units Treated Control units Cohorts Clusters
2388 398 148 250 1 398

Adoption is the first observed treated period. Initially treated units and units without an observed minus-one baseline are excluded. Post-adoption untreated rows are excluded for switching policies. The plot shows at most 100 seeded-sample units; estimation uses the full eligible sample. Empty cells remain missing.

y__d: 100 of 398 units shown (seed 20261008). All eligible units enter estimation. Purple: untreated; yellow: treated; white: unobserved.

Estimates

Estimator Estimate (SD) SE 95% lower 95% upper Target Status
Static TWFE 0.20309 0.079315 0.047162 0.35902 Coefficient estimated
Dynamic TWFE 0.20309 0.079382 0.047031 0.35915 Treated cells estimated
BJS / did2s 0.20309 0.079099 0.047586 0.3586 Treated cells estimated
Sun–Abraham 0.20309 0.079382 0.047031 0.35915 Treated cells estimated
CS-DID (equal event-time) -0.034188 0.12405 -0.27731 0.20894 Equal post-event times estimated
CS-DID (treated cells) -0.034188 0.12405 -0.27731 0.20894 Treated cells estimated
SDID nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Matrix completion nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Horizontal ridge nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported
Multisynth (individual) nan nan nan nan Treated cells unsupported

Intervals use the configured clusters and the estimator’s available inference. Hollow points have no computed interval; no new refit-bootstrap batch is run.

Estimator Reason
SDID sdid: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Matrix completion matrix-completion: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Horizontal ridge horizontal-ridge: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Multisynth (cohort-averaged) multisynth-cohort: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.
Multisynth (individual) multisynth-individual: this adapter does not implement covariate adjustment; controls retained.

Event studies

Cohort homogeneity

The imported TestingInEventStudies deviations design tests positive-event-time cohort deviations jointly. This is the homoskedastic nested-model F-test; the estimator confidence intervals above use clustered inference.

**y__d: homogeneity test not identified.** Only one treated cohort remains on the common supported sample.

Fitting settings and checks

Specification Estimator Settings Pooling
y__d CS-DID {“est_method”: “dr”, “covariate_basis”: “cell-specific rank-reduced column space”, “control_group”: “notyettreated”, “xformla”: “y ~ 1 + x0”, “panel”: true, “effective_panel”: true, “allow_unbalanced_panel”: true, “weights_name”: “weight”, “fix_weights”: null, “base_period”: “universal”, “clustervar”: “cluster”, “aggregate”: “dynamic”, “faster_mode”: true} {}
y__d SDID {} {}
y__d Matrix completion {} {}
y__d Horizontal ridge {} {}
y__d Multisynth (cohort-averaged) {} {}
y__d Multisynth (individual) {} {} 
{
  "did2s_vs_direct_imputation_max_post_difference": 1.1102230246251565e-16,
  "package_aggregate_vs_estimable_cell_weights": null
}